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In , a number of people in Sweden called in sick with a case of being homosexual, in protest of homosexuality being classified as an illness. This was followed by an activist occupation of the main office of the National Board of Health and Welfare. Within a few months, Sweden became the first country in the world to remove homosexuality as an illness. Lesbian feminism , which was most influential from the mids to the mids, encouraged women to direct their energies toward other women rather than men, and advocated lesbianism as the logical result of feminism.
Many women of the Gay Liberation movement felt frustrated at the domination of the movement by men and formed separate organisations; some who felt gender differences between men and women could not be resolved developed " lesbian separatism ," influenced by writings such as Jill Johnston 's book Lesbian Nation.
Organizers at the time focused on this issue. She was known for creating entertainment spaces specifically for queer women, especially in Latino American community.
Gender Preference and Identity
The term "gay" came to be more strongly associated with homosexual males. In Canada, the coming into effect of Section 15 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms in saw a shift in the gay rights movement in Canada, as Canadian gays and lesbians moved from liberation to litigious strategies.
Premised on Charter protections and on the notion of the immutability of homosexuality, judicial rulings rapidly advanced rights, including those that compelled the Canadian government to legalize same-sex marriage. It has been argued that while this strategy was extremely effective in advancing the safety, dignity and equality of Canadian homosexuals, its emphasis of sameness came at the expense of difference and may have undermined opportunities for more meaningful change.
This ruling would be overturned two decades later in Lawrence v. Some historians posit that a new era of the gay rights movement began in the s with the emergence of AIDS , which decimated the leadership and shifted the focus for many. Some younger activists, seeing gay and lesbian as increasingly normative and politically conservative, began using queer as a defiant statement of all sexual minorities and gender variant people—just as the earlier liberationists had done with gay. A essay titled "The Overhauling of Straight America", by Marshall Kirk and Hunter Madsen writing as Erastes Pill , [82] lays out a six-point plan for a campaign, which was first published in Guide magazine.
They argued that gays must portray themselves in a positive way to straight America, and that the main aim of making homosexuality acceptable could be achieved by getting Americans "to think that it is just another thing, with a shrug of their shoulders". Then "your battle for legal and social rights is virtually won". It argues that after the gay liberation phase of the s and s, gay rights groups should adopt more professional public relations techniques to convey their message. The book is often critically described by social conservatives such as Focus on the Family as important to the success of the LGBT Movement in the 90's and as part of an alleged "homosexual agenda".
In Tongues All Can Hear
First, we recommend a nation-wide media campaign to promote a positive image of gays and lesbians. Every —national, state, and local—must accept the responsibility. We must consider the media in every project we undertake. We must, in addition, take every advantage we can to include public service announcements and paid advertisements, and to cultivate reporters and editors of newspapers, radio, and television. To help facilitate this we need national media workshops to train our leaders.
And we must encourage our gay and lesbian press to increase coverage of the national process. Our media efforts are fundamental to the full acceptance of us in American life.
But they are also a way for us to increase the funding of our movement. A media campaign costs money, but ultimately it may be one of our most successful fund-raising devices. The statement also called for an annual planning conference "to help set and modify our national agenda. The s also saw a rapid push of the transgender movement, while at the same time a "sidelining of the identity of those who are transsexual. Hijra activists campaigned for recognition as a third sex in India and Travesti groups began to organize against police brutality across Latin America while activists in the United States formed direct-confrontation groups such as the Transexual Menace.
The Netherlands was the first country to allow same-sex marriage in Following with Belgium in and Spain and Canada in South Africa became the first African nation to legalize same-sex marriage in , and is currently the only African nation where same-sex marriage is legal. For example, Rhea County, Tennessee unsuccessfully tried to "ban homosexuals" in In , in the case Lawrence v.
Texas , the Supreme Court of the United States struck down sodomy laws in fourteen states, making consensual homosexual sex legal in all 50 states, a significant step forward in LGBT activism and one that had been fought for by activists since the inception of modern LGBT social movements. From 6 to 9 November , The Yogyakarta Principles on application of international human rights law in relation to sexual orientation and gender identity was adopted by an international meeting of 29 specialists in Yogyakarta , [96] the International Commission of Jurists and the International Service for Human Rights.
On 22 October , the assembly of the Church of Sweden , voted strongly in favour of giving its blessing to homosexual couples, [99] including the use of the term marriage, "matrimony". Iceland became the first country in the world to legalize same-sex marriage through a unanimous vote: 49—0, on 11 June South Africa became the first African nation to legalize same-sex marriage in , and it remains the only African country where same-sex marriage is legal.
The "Don't ask, don't tell" law, forbidding homosexual people from serving openly in the United States military, was repealed in In , the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development 's Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity issued a regulation to prohibit discrimination in federally-assisted housing programs. The new regulations ensure that the Department's core housing programs are open to all eligible persons, regardless of sexual orientation or gender identity.
In early a series of protests organized by Add The Words, Idaho and former state senator Nicole LeFavour , some including civil disobedience and concomitant arrests, [] took place in Boise, Idaho which advocated adding the words "sexual orientation" and "gender identity" to the state's Human Rights act. On June 26, , in Obergefell v. Hodges , the U. Supreme Court ruled 5-to-4 that the Constitution requires that same-sex couples be allowed to marry no matter where they live in the United States.
Between September 12 and November 7, , Australia held a national survey on the subject of same sex marriage; On 6 September , consensual gay sex was legalised in India by their Supreme Court.
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LGBT movements are opposed by a variety of individuals and organizations. Opponents say same-sex relationships are not marriages, [] that legalization of same-sex marriage will open the door for the legalization of polygamy, [] that it is unnatural [] and that it encourages unhealthy behavior. Some people worry that gay rights conflict with individuals' freedom of speech, [] [] [] religious freedoms in the workplace, [] [] and the ability to run churches, [] charitable organizations [] [] and other religious organizations [] that hold opposing social and cultural views to LGBT rights.
There is also concern that religious organizations might be forced to accept and perform same-sex marriages or risk losing their tax-exempt status. As a result of the stigma that he faced as a gay teacher he emphasizes the necessity of the public to take radical approaches to making significant changes in public attitudes about homosexuality. Former California senator, John Briggs proposed Proposition 6 , a ballot initiative that would require that all California state public schools fire any gay or lesbian teachers or counselors, along with any faculty that displayed support for gay rights in an effort to prevent what he believe to be " the corruption of the children's minds".
David Campos , author of the book, Sex, Youth, and Sex Education: A Reference Handbook , illuminates the argument proposed by proponents of sexual education programs in public schools. However, Campos also acknowledges that the sex education curriculum alone cannot teach youth about factors associated with sexual orientation but instead he suggests that schools implement policies that create safe school learning environments and foster support for LGBT youth.
Many opponents of LGBT social movements have attributed their indifference toward homosexuality as being a result of the immoral values that it may instill in children who are exposed to homosexual individuals. It had been suggested that education has a positive impact on support for same sex marriage. African Americans statistically have lower rates of educational achievement; however, the education level of African Americans does not have as much significance on their attitude towards same-sex marriage as it does on white attitudes.
Educational attainment among whites has a significant positive effect on support for same-sex marriage, whereas the direct effect of education among African Americans is less significant. The income levels of whites have a direct and positive correlation with support for same-sex marriage, but African American income level is not significantly associated with attitudes toward same-sex marriage. Location also affects ideas towards same-sex marriage; residents of rural and southern areas are significantly more opposed to same-sex marriage in comparison to residents elsewhere.
Gays and lesbians that live in rural areas face many challenges, including: sparse populations and the traditional culture held closely by the small population of most rural areas, generally hostile social climates towards gays relative to urban areas, and less social and institution support and access compared to urban areas. In a study conducted by Darren E.
Sherkat, Kylan M. They also claimed that white women are significantly more supportive than white men, but there are no gender discrepancies among African Americans. The year in which one was born was also found to be a strong indicator of attitude towards same-sex marriage—generations born after are considerably more supportive of same-sex marriage than older generations.
Finally, the study reported that statistically African Americans are more opposed to same-sex marriage than any other ethnicity. Religion , as measured by individuals' religious affiliations, behaviors, and beliefs, has a lot of influence in structuring same-sex union attitudes and consistently influences opinions about homosexuality. The most liberal attitudes are generally reflected by Jews , liberal Protestants, and people who are not affiliated with religion.
This is because many of their religious traditions have not "systematically condemned homosexual behaviors" in recent years. Moderate and tolerant attitudes are generally reflected by Catholics and moderate Protestants. And lastly, the most conservative views are held by Evangelical Protestants. Moreover, it is a tendency for one to be less tolerant of homosexuality if their social network is strongly tied to a religious congregation. Organized religion, especially Protestant and Baptist affiliations, espouse conservative views which traditionally denounce same-sex unions.
Therefore, these congregations are more likely to hear messages of this nature.
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) social movements are social movements that advocate for LGBT people in society. Social movements may focus on equal rights, such as the s movement for same-sex marriage, or they may focus on liberation, as in the gay liberation A better documented group is Henry Gerber's Society for Human Rights. Years · List · Category. Related[show]. Human rights · Minority rights · Discrimination · Freedom Index · Portal koboxx.de LGBT portal · v · t · e. Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) people in South Africa have the same rights as South Africa is to date the only country in Africa to have legalised same-sex marriage.
Polls have also indicated that the amount and level of personal contact that individuals have with homosexual individuals and traditional morality affects attitudes of same-sex marriage and homosexuality. Fiction literature also has an increased role in shaping people's attitude towards same-sex marriages. An original idea appears in Rafael Grugman dystopian fiction book Nontraditional Love He describes an inverted world in which mixed-sex marriages are forbidden. In this world intimacy between the opposite sexes is rejected, world history and the classics of world literature have been falsified in order to support the ideology of the homosexual world in this world same-sex love is a traditional love.
At the heart of the novel is a love story between a man and a woman who unfortunately were born as heterosexuals in a homosexual world and they forced to hide their feelings and their sexual orientation.
For a homosexual society love between man and women is a non-traditional love. Underlying this story is the idea that society should be tolerant and accepting and respect the right of every person to be themselves. It is unusual approach that supports human rights of all people and same-sex marriages.
Category:LGBT culture.
LGBT social movements
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Sexual orientation. Social attitudes. Academic fields and discourse. Lesbian feminism Lavender linguistics Queer studies Queer theory Transfeminism. Claim rights and liberty rights Individual and group rights Natural rights and legal rights Negative and positive rights.
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