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Create an account. It has enshrined equal treatment of the LGBT community in law and recognises same-sex marriage. South Africa is a fairly accepting country for most tourists and it has some particularly gay-friendly areas to visit. That said, be aware of not only the law, but also the current climate of opinion: read on, and always check your government's latest travel advice before you visit.

Then on 9th October homosexuality was legalised by the courts — a ruling which applied retroactively back to 27th April The push for greater LGBT rights continued throughout the s.

On 30th November South Africa became the fifth country in the world, and the only country in Africa, to legalise same-sex marriage. Openly gay people now serve in the South African armed forces; transgender people are permitted to alter their recorded gender in the population registry, allowing them to acquire updated passports and other identity documents; same-sex couples can adopt children, and also arrange IVF and surrogacy treatments; and in short, LGBT people enjoy statutory protections from discrimination in employment and other areas of life.

The legal and social status for the estimated 2 million plus LGBT South Africans has been influenced by a combination of traditional South African values, colonialism, the lingering effects of apartheid and the human rights movement that contributed to its abolition. Despite the progressive and liberal laws, LGBT South Africans, particularly those outside of the major cities, continue to face challenges, including discrimination and homophobia.

As feelings towards sexuality and transgender people vary widely, it will be a while before attitudes in the more conservative sections of society change to be more accepting.

Particularly in black communities, homosexuality is frowned upon by many. LGBT people are still attacked in the townships. However, as with most violent crime in South Africa, the likelihood of this is often overstated. Meanwhile, foreign visitors are very unlikely to be targeted unless they venture into townships. For the LGBT traveller, South Africa is the most welcoming country on the continent and so makes for a great holiday destination. There are a number of gay pride festivals in Cape Town during February and March see www.

More recently, Pretoria and even Soweto now have Pride marches. Although South Africa is a great destination for LGBT travellers and there are increasingly events and places where one can be openly gay, we also recognise that there is a very fine, and often blurred, line between expressing your identity and being respectful of local customs as a responsible traveller. In the tourism industry, and more specifically in South Africa's more remote camps, lodges and hotels, staff have been welcoming a wide range of guests, from different countries and backgrounds, for many years.

Rooms are almost universally configured with double or twin beds, as requested, without fuss, even where some camp staff may retain quite conservative personal views. We'd advise all our travellers, regardless of gender or sexual orientation, to avoid overt displays of affection or sexual behaviour, as these could offend people.

To conclude, the vast majority of people in South Africa are friendly to visitors, gay or straight, and in our experience, LBGT travel here is usually fine and uneventful. Check out in particular: The pages for South Africa Travel Advice are essential reading for all of our travellers visiting South Africa. Don't forget to also read the advice for other countries that you may visit, or transit through, as part of your trip.

A less formal and very useful, hands-on source of information on events and organisation across the country is the on-line gay lifestyle magazine Mamba. Our top picks for holidays to South Africa We'll always tailor-make your Town for you. Two regional television licences, covering respectively the north and south of the country and broadcasting primarily in indigenous languages, are in the process of being awarded to the SABC; applications are open for an unspecified number of subscription television licences likely to be awarded during ; and a migration to digital terrestrial television is very much on the cards Mochiko, ; Mochiko and Khuzwayo, ; Glazier, In addition, the two largest mobile operators are already offering TV broadcasts to mobile handsets on a trial basis.

The number of radio stations serving this market is about , with some monthly fluctuation in the number of active community radio stations OMD, ; GCIS, As with the television market, the state-owned SABC is a leading player, operating eighteen stations, of which five have national coverage, with the remaining thirteen serving regional and local audiences. The content of these stations is a mix of public service and commercial broadcasting. South Africa has a further thirteen private commercial radio stations, mostly serving regional audiences. ICASA is expected to award additional regional private commercial radio licences during the course of South Africa also has a relatively vibrant community broadcasting sector, with some community radio stations currently licensed.

Compared to its neighbours, South Africa ranks highly on most ICT indicators, reflecting the sophisticated level of development of its ICT infrastructure, as well as its considerably greater wealth — notwithstanding the great internal disparities that remain the legacy of apartheid. It is also the only country in the region to come close to South Africa in respect of any of the indicators. Internet density [2]. TV density [3]. Radio density [4].

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Globally, South Africa is generally ranked in the middle levels of many of the international indices that attempt to measure ICT access, availability and resources, although many commentators make the point that the country is being out-performed by many of its competitors and continues to slide down a number of the indices Esselaar and Gillwald, :.

This slippage has been noted by a number of analysts. In their recent review of the performance of the South African telecommunications sector, Esselaar and Gillwald point to a number of contributory factors including increased state involvement in service provision, lack of effective competition in telephony services, high pricing both wholesale and retail, often at monopoly levels , and a lack of effective regulation of interconnection. South Africa has frequently been criticised for a lack of policy clarity, coherence and integration Gillwald, As far back as , the now-defunct National IT Forum NITF , a national body bringing together sector representation, including civil society and labour, had called for an overall national ICT policy framework at the highest level.

To date none exists. Policy specific to the ICT sector, including telecommunications, broadcasting and the internet, falls under the less than effectual Ministry of Communications. Other ministries, such as those of Science and Technology, and Trade and Industry, also have an active interest in the sector, leading to occasional disagreements. For example, the review of telecommunications policy saw government see-sawing between introducing one or two additional fixed-line operators, positions seen as being advocated by the Ministries of Communications and Trade and Industry respectively.

A number of disparate pieces of legislation, many of which have undergone subsequent amendment, govern the sector, including:. The process that culminated in this substantial revamp of the sector first saw the light of day in a Convergence Colloquium called by the Department of Communications in mid, to which stakeholders were invited, and which led to the publication of a Draft Convergence Bill in late RSA, Strong public criticism of the poor quality of this draft led to the tabling of a revised Convergence Bill RSA, a early in This was conceptually very similar to the draft bill, although with much of the poor drafting revised, and with much of the constitutionally controversial changes to the regulation of the sector removed.

The Bill was criticised on the grounds of both process and content. Despite the fundamental changes it proposed, specifically to the licensing framework and hence by implication to the market structure, it was felt by some not to go far enough in embracing the phenomenon of ICT convergence.

At the same time the lack of a Green and White Paper [5] process of the kind that had preceded the Telecommunications Act, together with the behind-closed-doors nature of the drafting, was seen to be a cardinal flaw in legislation with the potential to fundamentally alter the landscape of the sector. The final stages of the new legislation took place in parliament, with submissions from stakeholders called for, and a series of public hearings undertaken, during which the legislation was renamed the Electronic Communications Act.

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Promulgation was held up when the legal advisers to the state president pointed out that the accompanying ICASA Amendment Act might well have been unconstitutional with respect to the Chapter 9 protections RSA, a afforded to the regulation of broadcasting.

Once a revised version of the latter had been passed, both Acts were promulgated on 20 April As pointed out above, the most fundamental impact of the new Act is likely to be in the market structure of the sector Esselaar and Gillwald, , p. This is likely to promote increased competition in the sector and to stimulate the provision of innovative new IP [6] -enabled services such as mobile television. The new Act also provides for increased independence of the regulator, whose authority is considerably less constrained except in the licensing of infrastructure electronic communications network services , which remain subject to the issuance of policy directions by the minister.

On the other hand, the appointment process for the governing council of the regulator is somewhat less subject to publicly accountable checks and balances. Much of the impact of the new legislation will depend on the regulatory capacity of ICASA, and on its ability to stamp its policy imprint and authority on the sector, which is seen by many commentators as dubious Esselaar and Gillwald, A number of institutions are created by the above legislation to regulate or provide policy intervention in the sector.

The Independent Communications Authority of South Africa ICASA , as suggested, is the overall sector regulator, created to unify the formerly separate regulation of broadcasting and telecommunications. Concerns have repeatedly been raised about its effectiveness in doing this, given the degree to which it has historically been constrained by legislation. Questions have also been raised about the calibre of both councillors and senior line management.

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The recently renamed Universal Service and Access Agency of South Africa USAASA [7] is unique as a demonstration of national commitment to redress historical racial disparities in the provision of communications services. The track record of the Agency has unfortunately been poor, with most funding having gone to telecentres, few of which have been able to demonstrate any degree of sustainability. A recent process of introspection and strategic planning at USAASA may, however, give some hope for improved performance.

The management of the internet is undertaken by the. An elected stakeholder body, it has recently undertaken a review of how the. The Council consists of 31 individuals drawn largely from government and business, with a smattering of academics and a lone NGO representative. Unfortunately no copy of the plan is available for assessment. In the absence of a coherent national ICT policy framework, and given an ICT sector governed largely by fragmented legislation and with a multiplicity of sometimes overlapping institutions, it is not surprising then to find an NGO sector that is both vibrant and marginalised.

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There are also a range of individually based consumer activist websites, vibrant and crusading, that often target specific companies, or are focused on specific ICT services. The remainder of this section of the report will examine some of the issues and policy areas in which civil society organisations have intervened. This identified sixteen critical areas of concern to civil society, including freedom of expression, telecommunications costs, open source and open content and gender. From the government side, the PNC on ISAD ran a preparatory process, which included workshops around gender, disability and youth, and was tasked with driving a follow-up process which since seems to have stalled.

Beyond this, the formal South African delegation, led by Director General Lyndall Shope-Mafole, whose own participation was less than effective, appears to have had little participation from civil society. Only a few individuals from outside government were included in the official delegation to Tunis and none in the preparatory committees , and only a small handful of NGOs were present at the Summit.

Consequently, despite a few attempts at interaction, there was no consistent involvement of South African civil society in either the formulation of positions or in ensuring their adoption in the WSIS Plan of Action. Civil society itself is partly to blame in this regard for not being more insistent regarding its inclusion. Worse, no formal assessment of civil society participation from a South African perspective, and the success of the civil society agenda, has been made.

The campaign to promote open source software and open access to content is one that can claim considerably more success. With funding and impetus from billionaire astronaut Mark Shuttleworth, a Go Open Source campaign ran from to , which distributed open source software on CD, ran a part television series, and signed up 5, members to its Geek Freedom League.

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The campaign was well supported by civil society organisations, for whom open source and open access had long been important issues. In late February the campaign was able to claim success with the adoption by Cabinet of an open source policy and strategy Vecchiatto, While a breakthrough, its implementation needs to be monitored by civil society. WomensNet continues to engage around the issue of ICTs and gender. Structured around a series of one-day discussion forums, Thetha was initially based only in South Africa, but later ran forums in two neighbouring countries, Namibia and Swaziland, with further forums planned for Botswana, Lesotho and Angola.

A regular Thetha newsletter is issued, and the project has commissioned a study into the state of ICTs in the NGO sector, due for completion in The high pricing of both fixed and mobile telecommunications remains a key issue for both NGOs and civil society. Recently a group calling itself the Telkom Action Group TAG launched a media campaign against Telkom, blaming it for keeping access costs artificially high.

A full-page advert was paid for by hundreds of concerned consumers. ICASA has also engaged in some sabre rattling, and the matter has even made the annual presidential state of the nation address. However, despite slight downward trends, possibly driven by the public furore, communications prices remain high and inadequately regulated Esselaar and Gillwald, , and therefore an issue that civil society will have to continue to address.

The FXI runs a number of programmes, including ones on anti-censorship, media and ICTs, and access to information, which have a direct bearing on information society issues.