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Last Online: 6 hours ago. Exclusively Yours, Channing. Last Online: 8 hours ago. The Times denounced the ultimatum as an 'extravagant farce' and The Globe denounced this 'trumpery little state'. Most editorials were similar to the Daily Telegraph , which declared: 'of course there can only be one answer to this grotesque challenge. Kruger has asked for war and war he must have! Such views were far from those of the British government and from those in the army. To most sensible observers, army reform had been a matter of pressing concern from the s, constantly put off because the British public did not want the expense of a larger, more professional army and because a large home army was not politically welcome.

Lord Salisbury, the Prime Minister, then had to explain to a surprised Queen Victoria that 'We have no army capable of meeting even a second-class Continental Power'. The Boers had about 33, soldiers, and decisively outnumbered the British, who could move only 13, troops to the front line.

As with the First Boer War, since most of the Boers were members of civilian militias, none had adopted uniforms or insignia. Only the members of the Staatsartillerie wore light green uniforms. When danger loomed, all the burgers citizens in a district would form a military unit called a commando and would elect officers. A full-time official titled a Veldkornet maintained muster rolls, but had no disciplinary powers.

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Each man brought his own weapon, usually a hunting rifle, and his own horse. Those who could not afford a gun were given one by the authorities. Many did not look forward to fighting against fellow Christians and, by and large, fellow Christian Protestants. Many may have had an overly optimistic sense of what the war would involve, imagining that victory could be won as easily as in the First South African War. It rapidly became clear that the Boer forces presented the British forces with a severe tactical challenge. What the Boers presented was a mobile and innovative approach to warfare, drawing on their experiences from the First Boer War.

The average Boers who made up their Commandos were farmers who had spent almost all their working life in the saddle, both as farmers and hunters. They depended on the pot, horse and rifle; they were also skilled stalkers and marksmen. As hunters they had learned to fire from cover; from a prone position and to make the first shot count, knowing that if they missed, the game would either be long gone or could charge and potentially kill them. They made expert mounted infantry, using every scrap of cover, from which they could pour in a destructive fire using modern, smokeless, Mauser rifles.

In preparation for hostilities, the Boers had acquired around one hundred of the latest Krupp field guns , all horse-drawn and dispersed among the various Kommando groups and several Le Creusot " Long Tom " siege guns.

The Boers' skill in adapting themselves to become first-rate artillerymen shows them to have been a versatile adversary. With speed and surprise, the Boer drove quickly towards the British garrison at Ladysmith and the smaller ones at Mafeking and Kimberley. The quick Boer mobilisation resulted in early military successes against scattered British forces. Sir George Stuart White , commanding the British division at Ladysmith , had unwisely allowed Major-General Penn Symons to throw a brigade forward to the coal-mining town of Dundee also reported as Glencoe , which was surrounded by hills.

This became the site of the first engagement of the war, the Battle of Talana Hill. Boer guns began shelling the British camp from the summit of Talana Hill at dawn on 20 October. Penn Symons immediately counter-attacked: his infantry drove the Boers from the hill, for the loss of British casualties, including Penn Symons.

Another Boer force occupied Elandslaagte, which lay between Ladysmith and Dundee. The resulting Battle of Elandslaagte was a clear-cut British tactical victory, but Sir George White feared that more Boers were about to attack his main position and so ordered a chaotic retreat from Elandslaagte, throwing away any advantage gained.

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The detachment from Dundee was compelled to make an exhausting cross-country retreat to rejoin White's main force. As Boers surrounded Ladysmith and opened fire on the town with siege guns, White ordered a major sortie against their artillery positions.

The result was a disaster, with men killed and over 1, captured. The Siege of Ladysmith began, and was to last several months. Meanwhile, to the north-west at Mafeking, on the border with Transvaal, Colonel Robert Baden-Powell had raised two regiments of local forces amounting to about 1, men in order to attack and create diversions if things further south went amiss. Mafeking, being a railway junction, provided good supply facilities and was the obvious place for Baden-Powell to fortify in readiness for such attacks. But this quickly subsided into a desultory affair with the Boers prepared to starve the stronghold into submission, and so, on 13 October, began the day Siege of Mafeking.

Although not militarily significant, it nonetheless represented an enclave of British imperialism on the borders of the Orange Free State and was hence an important Boer objective.

Second Boer War

From early November about 7, Boer began their siege, again content to starve the town into submission. Despite Boer shelling, the 40, inhabitants, of which only 5, were armed, were under little threat as the town was well-stocked with provisions. The garrison was commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Robert Kekewich , although Cecil Rhodes was also a prominent figure in the town's defences.

Siege life took its toll on both the defending soldiers and the civilians in the cities of Mafeking, Ladysmith, and Kimberley as food began to grow scarce after a few weeks.

In Mafeking, Sol Plaatje wrote, "I saw horseflesh for the first time being treated as a human foodstuff. Near the end of the siege of Kimberley, it was expected that the Boers would intensify their bombardment, so Rhodes displayed a notice encouraging people to go down into shafts of the Kimberley Mine for protection. The townspeople panicked, and people surged into the mine-shafts constantly for a hour period. Although the bombardment never came, this did nothing to diminish the anxious civilians distress.

The most well-heeled of the townspeople, such as Cecil Rhodes, sheltered in the Sanatorium, site of the present-day McGregor Museum ; the poorer residents, notably the black population, did not have any shelter from the shelling. In retrospect, the Boer decision to commit themselves to sieges Sitzkrieg was a mistake and one of the best illustrations of the Boers' lack of strategic vision.

Historically, it had little in its favour. Of the seven sieges in the First Boer War, the Boers had won none. More importantly, it handed the initiative back to the British and allowed them time to recover, which they then did. Generally speaking, throughout the campaign, the Boers were too defensive and passive, wasting the opportunities they had for victory.

Yet that passiveness also testified to the fact that they had no desire to conquer British territory, but only to preserve their ability to rule in their own territory. Buller originally intended an offensive straight up the railway line leading from Cape Town through Bloemfontein to Pretoria. Finding on arrival that the British troops already in South Africa were under siege, he split his army corps into detachments to relieve the besieged garrisons. A smaller force of about 3, led by Major General William Gatacre , was to push north toward the railway junction at Stormberg, to secure the Cape Midlands district from Boer raids and local rebellions by Boer inhabitants and Buller led the major part of the army corps to relieve Ladysmith to the east.

The initial results of this offensive were mixed, with Methuen winning several bloody skirmishes in the Battle of Belmont on 23 November, the Battle of Graspan on 25 November, and at a larger engagement, the Battle of Modder River on 28 November resulting in British losses of 71 dead and over wounded. British commanders had trained on the lessons of the Crimean War and were adept at battalion and regimental set pieces with columns manoeuvring in jungles, deserts and mountainous regions. What British generals failed to comprehend was the impact of destructive fire from trench positions and the mobility of cavalry raids.

The British troops went to war with what would prove to be antiquated tactics and in some cases antiquated weapons against the mobile Boer forces with the destructive fire of their modern Mausers, the latest Krupp field guns and their novel tactics. The middle of December was disastrous for the British Army.

In a period known as Black Week 10—15 December , the British suffered defeats on each of the three fronts. Gatacre's attack was marked by administrative and tactical blunders and the Battle of Stormberg ended in a British defeat, with killed and wounded and two guns and over troops captured. At the Battle of Magersfontein on 11 December, Methuen's 14, British troops attempted to capture a Boer position in a dawn attack to relieve Kimberley.

This too turned into a disaster when the Highland Brigade became pinned down by accurate Boer fire. After suffering from intense heat and thirst for nine hours, they eventually broke in ill-disciplined retreat. The plan worked and this tactic helped write the doctrine of the supremacy of the defensive position, using modern small arms and trench fortifications. A British soldier said of the defeat. Such was the day for our regiment Dread the revenge we will take. Dearly we paid for the blunder — A drawing-room General's mistake.

Why weren't we told of the trenches? Why weren't we told of the wire? Why were we marched up in column, May Tommy Atkins enquire The nadir of Black Week was the Battle of Colenso on 15 December, where 21, British troops commanded by Buller attempted to cross the Tugela River to relieve Ladysmith, where 8, Transvaal Boers under the command of Louis Botha were awaiting them.

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