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Coesite and stishovite in the Vredefort Dome, South Africa. Nature , — Download citation. Received : 08 December Accepted : 08 March Issue Date : 20 April Lithos Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta Journal of Structural Geology Journal of Petrology By submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines.
If you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate. Advanced search. Skip to main content Thank you for visiting nature. Abstract THE high pressure silica polymorphs, coesite and stishovite have been discovered in very thin pseudotachylite veins developed in Witwatersrand quartzites of the collar of the Vredefort Dome. Access through your institution.
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Buy or subscribe. Change institution. Rent or Buy article Get time limited or full article access on ReadCube. References 1 Nel, L. Nininger that meteorites are much more common on the surface of the Earth than was previously thought. Nininger's strategy was to search for meteorites in the Great Plains of the United States, where the land was largely cultivated and the soil contained few rocks.
Between the late s and the s, he traveled across the region, educating local people about what meteorites looked like and what to do if they thought they had found one, for example, in the course of clearing a field. The result was the discovery of over new meteorites, mostly stony types. In the late s, Roosevelt County, New Mexico in the Great Plains was found to be a particularly good place to find meteorites.
After the discovery of a few meteorites in , a public awareness campaign resulted in the finding of nearly new specimens in the next few years, with many being by a single person, Ivan Wilson. In total, nearly meteorites were found in the region since In the area of the finds, the ground was originally covered by a shallow, loose soil sitting atop a hardpan layer. During the dustbowl era, the loose soil was blown off, leaving any rocks and meteorites that were present stranded on the exposed surface.
A few meteorites were found in Antarctica between and In , the 10th Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition found nine meteorites on a blue ice field near the Yamato Mountains. With this discovery, came the realization that movement of ice sheets might act to concentrate meteorites in certain areas. This team recovered nearly meteorites. The Antarctic Scientific Exploration of China has conducted successful meteorite searches since For more information see the article by Harvey At about the same time as meteorite concentrations were being discovered in the cold desert of Antarctica, collectors discovered that many meteorites could also be found in the hot deserts of Australia.
Several dozen meteorites had already been found in the Nullarbor region of Western and South Australia. The meteorites can be found in this region because the land presents a flat, featureless, plain covered by limestone. In the extremely arid climate, there has been relatively little weathering or sedimentation on the surface for tens of thousands of years, allowing meteorites to accumulate without being buried or destroyed.
The dark colored meteorites can then be recognized among the very different looking limestone pebbles and rocks. A few years later, a desert enthusiast saw photographs of meteorites being recovered by scientists in Antarctica, and thought that he had seen similar occurrences in northern Africa. In , he recovered about meteorites from several distinct locations in Libya and Algeria.
Over the next several years, he and others who followed found at least more meteorites. The find locations were generally in regions known as regs or hamadas : flat, featureless areas covered only by small pebbles and minor amounts of sand. In the case of several meteorite fields, such as Dar al Gani , Dhofar, and others, favorable light-colored geology consisting of basic rocks clays, dolomites , and limestones makes meteorites particularly easy to identify.
Although meteorites had been sold commercially and collected by hobbyists for many decades, up to the time of the Saharan finds of the late s and early s, most meteorites were deposited in or purchased by museums and similar institutions where they were exhibited and made available for scientific research.
The sudden availability of large numbers of meteorites that could be found with relative ease in places that were readily accessible especially compared to Antarctica , led to a rapid rise in commercial collection of meteorites. This process was accelerated when, in , meteorites coming from both the Moon and Mars were found in Libya. By the late s, private meteorite-collecting expeditions had been launched throughout the Sahara.
Specimens of the meteorites recovered in this way are still deposited in research collections, but most of the material is sold to private collectors. These expeditions have now brought the total number of well-described meteorites found in Algeria and Libya to more than Meteorite markets came into existence in the late s, especially in Morocco.
This trade was driven by Western commercialization and an increasing number of collectors. The meteorites were supplied by nomads and local people who combed the deserts looking for specimens to sell. Many thousands of meteorites have been distributed in this way, most of which lack any information about how, when, or where they were discovered.
These are the so-called "Northwest Africa" meteorites. Nearly all of these meteorites leave Africa through Morocco. Scores of important meteorites, including Lunar and Martian ones, have been discovered and made available to science via this route.
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A few of the more notable meteorites recovered include Tissint and Northwest Africa Tissint was the first witnessed Martian meteorite fall in over fifty years; NWA is the oldest meteorite known to come from Mars, and is a unique water-bearing regolith breccia. In , meteorite hunters discovered that the desert in southern and central Oman were also favorable for the collection of many specimens.
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The gravel plains in the Dhofar and Al Wusta regions of Oman, south of the sandy deserts of the Rub' al Khali , had yielded about 5, meteorites as of mid Included among these are a large number of lunar and Martian meteorites, making Oman a particularly important area both for scientists and collectors. Early expeditions to Oman were mainly done by commercial meteorite dealers, however international teams of Omani and European scientists have also now collected specimens.
The recovery of meteorites from Oman is currently prohibited by national law, but a number of international hunters continue to remove specimens now deemed national treasures. This new law provoked a small international incident , as its implementation preceded any public notification of such a law, resulting in the prolonged imprisonment of a large group of meteorite hunters, primarily from Russia, but whose party also consisted of members from the US as well as several other European countries. Beginning in the mids, amateur meteorite hunters began scouring the arid areas of the southwestern United States.
Significant finds include the three tonne Old Woman meteorite , currently on display at the Desert Discovery Center in Barstow, California , and the Franconia and Gold Basin meteorite strewn fields; hundreds of kilograms of meteorites have been recovered from each. Meteorite falls may have been the source of cultish worship.
The cult in the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World , possibly originated with the observation and recovery of a meteorite that was understood by contemporaries to have fallen to the earth from Jupiter , the principal Roman deity. The Black Stone set into the wall of the Kaaba has often been presumed to be a meteorite, but the little available evidence for this is inconclusive. The oldest known iron artifacts are nine small beads hammered from meteoritic iron. They were found in northern Egypt and have been securely dated to BC.
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In the s, a stone meteorite was uncovered during an archaeological dig at Danebury Iron Age hillfort, Danebury England. It was found deposited part way down in an Iron Age pit c. Since it must have been deliberately placed there, this could indicate one of the first known human finds of a meteorite in Europe. Some Native Americans treated meteorites as ceremonial objects. Nininger reports several other such instances, in the Southwest US and elsewhere, such as the discovery of Native American beads of meteoric iron found in Hopewell burial mounds , and the discovery of the Winona meteorite in a Native American stone-walled crypt.
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Indigenous peoples often prized iron-nickel meteorites as an easy, if limited, source of iron metal. For example, the Inuit used chips of the Cape York meteorite to form cutting edges for tools and spear tips. Two of the oldest recorded meteorite falls in Europe are the Elbogen and Ensisheim meteorites.
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The German physicist, Ernst Florens Chladni , was the first to publish in the idea that meteorites might be rocks that originated not from Earth, but from space. The scientific community of the time responded with resistance and mockery. One of the leading theories for the cause of the Cretaceous—Paleogene extinction event that included the dinosaurs is a large meteorite impact. The Chicxulub Crater has been identified as the site of this impact. There has been a lively scientific debate as to whether other major extinctions, including the ones at the end of the Permian and Triassic periods might also have been the result of large impact events, but the evidence is much less compelling than for the end Cretaceous extinction.
Throughout history, many first- and second-hand reports speak of meteorites killing humans and other animals.
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One example is from AD in China, which purportedly killed thousands of people. The most well-known reported fatality from a meteorite impact is that of a dog killed by the fall of the Nakhla meteorite in Egypt, in This meteorite was identified in the s as Martian in origin. A meteorite known as Valera reportedly hit and killed a cow upon impact, but the incident was not reported for several decades and no evidence was preserved.
There are similar unsubstantiated reports of a horse being struck and killed by a stone from the New Concord strike. Shortly after the Carancas impact event , there were rumors of a goat and a llama being killed by the impact. The first known modern case of a human hit by a space rock occurred on 30 November in Sylacauga, Alabama. She was badly bruised. The stone reportedly fell through banana leaves before striking the boy on the head, causing little to no pain, as it was small enough to have been slowed by both friction with the atmosphere as well as that with banana leaves, before striking the boy.
Several persons have since claimed [78] to have been struck by "meteorites" but no verifiable meteorites have resulted. Most meteorites date from the oldest times in the solar system and are by far the oldest material available on the planet. Despite their age, they are fairly vulnerable to terrestrial environment: water, salt, and oxygen attack the meteorites as soon they reach the ground. The terrestrial alteration of meteorites is called weathering. In order to quantify the degree of alteration that a meteorite experienced, several qualitative weathering indices have been applied to Antarctic and desertic samples.
The most known weathering scale, used for ordinary chondrites , ranges from W0 pristine state to W6 heavy alteration. They represent the deeply weathered remains of meteorites that fell to Earth in the remote past and were preserved in sedimentary deposits sufficiently well that they can be recognized through mineralogical and geochemical studies.
References 1 Nel, L. Main article: Meteorite classification. However, it should be kept in mind that several younger Bushveld-related intrusions occur in the eastern and southern part of Potchefstroom e. In the area of the finds, the ground was originally covered by a shallow, loose soil sitting atop a hardpan layer. EliteSingles has you covered. The maps revealed a buried, multiring structure some 75 miles wide -- the bull's-eye of a cosmic scar. As it decelerates, eventually the molten surface layer solidifies into a thin fusion crust, which on most meteorites is black on some achondrites , the fusion crust may be very light-colored.
One limestone quarry in Sweden has produced an anomalously large number more than a hundred fossil meteorites from the Ordovician , nearly all of which are deeply weathered L-chondrites that still resemble the original meteorite under a petrographic microscope, but which have had their original material almost entirely replaced by terrestrial secondary mineralization. The extraterrestrial provenance was demonstrated in part through isotopic analysis of relict spinel grains, a mineral that is common in meteorites, is insoluble in water, and is able to persist chemically unchanged in the terrestrial weathering environment.
Apart from meteorites fallen onto the Earth, two tiny fragments of asteroids were found among the samples collected on the Moon; these were the Bench Crater meteorite Apollo 12 , and the Hadley Rille meteorite Apollo 15 , From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Solid debris from outer space that hits a planetary surface.