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One of these reforms appointed Kruger to the new post of vice-president. The impression of Kruger garnered by the British envoys in Pretoria during early was one of an unspeakably vulgar, bigoted backveld peasant. Furthermore, they found his personal habits, such as copious spitting, revolting. Shepstone's legal adviser William Morcom was one of the first British officials to write about Kruger: calling him "gigantically horrible", he recounted a public luncheon at which Kruger dined with a dirty pipe protruding from his pocket and such greasy hair that he spent part of the meal combing it.

Shepstone had the Transvaal's annexation as a British territory formally announced in Pretoria on 11 April Burgers resigned and returned to the Cape to live in retirement—his last act as president was to announce the government's decision to send a deputation, headed by Kruger and Jorissen, to London to make an official protest. He exhorted the burghers not to attempt any kind of resistance to the British until these diplomats returned.

In Cape Town, where his German ancestor had landed years before, he had his first sight of the sea. One night, when Kruger heard the two Dutchmen discussing celestial bodies and the structure of the universe, he interjected that if their conversation was accurate and the Earth was not flat, he might as well throw his Bible overboard.

Kruger did not meet Queen Victoria , though such an audience is described in numerous anecdotes, depicted in films and sometimes reported as fact. After a brief sojourn back in England he returned to South Africa and arrived at Boekenhoutfontein shortly before Christmas Attempting to stir up the crowd, Kruger said that since Carnarvon had told him the annexation would not be revoked he could not see what more they could do.

The gambit worked; burghers began shouting that they would sooner die fighting for their country than submit to the British. According to Meintjes, Kruger was still not particularly anti-British; he thought the British had made a mistake and would rectify the situation if this could be proven to them. Carnarvon had been succeeded as colonial secretary by Sir Michael Hicks Beach , who received the deputation coldly.

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After Bok gave a lengthy opening declaration, Hicks Beach muttered: "Have you ever heard of an instance where the British Lion has ever given up anything on which he had set his paw? The Orange Free State. The deputation attempted to rally support for their cause, as the first mission had done, but with the Eastern Question dominating the political scene few were interested. Like its predecessor, the second deputation went on from England to continental Europe, visiting the Netherlands, France and Germany.

Unless the annexation were revoked, the letter stated, the Transvaal Boers would not co-operate regarding federation.

Kruger and Joubert returned home to find the British and the Zulus were close to war. Shepstone had supported the Zulus in a border dispute with the South African Republic, but then, after annexing the Transvaal, changed his mind and endorsed the Boer claim. The war in Zululand effectively ended on 4 July with Chelmsford's decisive victory at the Zulu capital Ulundi. Around the same time the British appointed a new Governor and High Commissioner for the Transvaal and Natal, Sir Garnet Wolseley , who introduced a new Transvaal constitution giving the Boers a limited degree of self-government.

He had little success in winning the Boers over to the idea of federation; his defeat of the Zulus and the Bapedi had the opposite effect, as with these two long-standing threats to security removed the Transvaalers could focus all their efforts against the British. At Wonderfontein on 15 December , 6, burghers, many of them bearing the republic's vierkleur "four-colour" flag, voted to pursue a restored, independent republic. Kruger concluded that they had done all they could to try to regain independence peacefully, and over the following months the Transvaal burghers prepared for rebellion.

In the last months of , Lanyon began to pursue tax payments from burghers who were in arrears. Starting on 8 December at Paardekraal , a farm to the south-west of Pretoria, 10, Boers congregated—the largest recorded meeting of white people in South Africa up to that time. At Kruger's suggestion Joubert was elected Commandant-General of the restored republic, though he had little military experience and protested he was not suited to the position.

Kruger took part in the First Boer War in a civilian capacity only, playing a diplomatic and political role with the aid of Jorissen and Bok.

Understanding that they could not hold out against the might of the British Empire indefinitely, Kruger hoped for a solution at the earliest opportunity. Colley liaised by telegraph with Gladstone's Colonial Secretary Lord Kimberley , then wrote to Kruger on 21 February that if the Boers stopped fighting he would cease hostilities and send commissioners for talks. Kruger received this letter on 28 February and readily accepted, but by now it was too late.

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Colley had been killed at the Battle of Majuba Hill the day before, another decisive victory for the Boers under Smit. Colley's death horrified Kruger, who feared it might jeopardise the peace process. The British offered amnesty for the Boer leaders, retrocession of the Transvaal under British suzerainty , a British resident in Pretoria and British control over foreign affairs. Kruger presented the treaty to the volksraad on the triumvirate's behalf at Heidelberg on 15 April I consider it my duty plainly to declare before you and the whole world, that our respect for Her Majesty the Queen of England, for the government of Her Majesty, and for the English Nation, has never been greater than at this time, when we are enabled to show you a proof of England's noble and magnanimous love for right and justice.

The commissioners held numerous sessions in Pretoria over the following months with little input from Kruger, who was bedridden with pneumonia. Kruger was largely happy with the terms under which the republic would regain its sovereignty, but two points offended him. The first of these was that the British would recognise them as the "Transvaal Republic" and not the South African Republic; the second was that it was still not clear to him what British "suzerainty" was.

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