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All first-grade learners in the 2 suburbs were eligible for anthropometric screening, and screen-positive learners were assessed for dysmorphic features of FAS. Those with suggestive clinical features received neurocognitive assessment, and maternal or collateral interview.
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Final diagnosis was made following a case conference. Complete ascertainment of FAS status was made in 1, Overall, FAS was diagnosed in 83 5. Levels of FAS were high in both areas: 26 6. No cases were previously diagnosed. Interviewed mothers in Galeshewe were older and had higher body mass index. Prevalence of FAS is high in both Galeshewe and Roodepan, and the lack of prior diagnoses indicates that awareness remains low.
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The maternal mortality rate was especially high in Galeshewe. The unexpectedly high burden of FAS in an urban area with predominantly Black African population mandates extension of. Black women scientists are living in an important time in South Africa as the socio-political landscape is changing rapidly, effecting changes in many dimensions of identification, particularly "race", gender and class.
The extension of the progressive aspect to stative verbs has been identified as a characteristic feature of New Varieties of English across the world, including the English of black South Africans BSAfE. This paper examines the use of the progressive aspect in BSAfE, by doing a comparative analysis of three corpora of argumentative student…. Population Studies Center Research Report.
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This study examined the relationship between family structure, expenditures on education, and children's educational outcomes for black South Africans , using the nationally representative October Household Survey. The analyses focused on 28, individuals, ages 10 to 24 years, who had not completed secondary schools. The findings indicated…. A study was done of the experiences of Black South Africans who came to the United States for education and training.
The research studied individuals who participated in two programs between and Data were collected from the student files and from standard university data from "Profiles of American Colleges" by Barron's…. Communities that have been exposed to high levels of stress and where religiosity is salient are ideal contexts in which to examine the role of religion in stress processes. The present study examines the protective function of religiosity among Black women in a South African township. Soft tissue thickness values for black and coloured South African children aged years.
In children, craniofacial changes due to facial growth complicate facial approximations and require specific knowledge of soft tissue thicknesses STT. The lack of South African juvenile STT standards of particular age groups, sex and ancestry is problematic. According to forensic artists in the South African Police Service the use of African -American values to reconstruct faces of Black South African children yields poor results. In order to perform a facial approximation that presents a true reflection of the child in question, information regarding differences in facial soft tissue at different ages, sexes and ancestry groups is needed.
After digitizing the images, STT measurements were taken at ten mid-facial landmarks from each image using the iTEM measuring program. STT comparisons between groups per age, sex and ancestry were statistically analyzed. The results showed that STT differences at lower face landmarks are more pronounced in age groups per ancestry as opposed to differences per age and sex.
Generally, an increase in STT was seen between year old groups and year old groups, regardless of ancestry and sex, at the midphiltrum, labiale inferius, pogonion, and beneath chin landmarks.
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All rights reserved. Common mutation causes cystinosis in the majority of black South African patients. The mutations responsible for cystinosis in South African patients are currently unknown. A pertinent question is whether they are similar to those described elsewhere in the world.
Children who were being managed for cystinosis in the Western Cape Province of South Africa between and were studied. All underwent molecular analysis to detect sequence variations in the cystinosis gene. This cohort study included 20 patients, 13 of whom were Xhosa-speaking black South Africans and seven were Cape Coloureds mixed race ; none were Caucasian. All had nephropathic infantile-type cystinosis with evidence of proximal tubulopathy, with glycosuria and renal phosphate wasting. Diagnosis was confirmed in 19 cases by demonstrating an elevated cystine concentration in leukocytes.
DAfsX44 which caused an out-of-frame bp insertion. Collagen Ialpha1 and vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms in South African whites, blacks and Indians. To determine whether polymorphic differences exist between black , white and Indian South Africans in genes associated with bone mineral density and osteoporosis.
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Genes selected were the vitamin D receptor Apa I and Taq I polymorphisms and collagen Sp I transcription factor polymorphism using standard molecular biology techniques. Healthy male and female blood donors living in the Durban metropolitan region, South Africa. No significant differences in genotypes were seen between white and Indian subjects. No ss genotype was detected in blacks. The very low frequency of the collagen Sp I s allele and higher frequency of the VDR T allele in blacks may be associated with the lower incidence of osteoporosis in this ethnic group.
Black South African psychiatric recipients: have they been overlooked under the recent democratization? This article examines the literature on service accessibility, utilization, and treatment needs for Black South African adults with psychiatric disabilities and highlights the paucity of empirical studies in these areas. Current research draws attention to the finding that Black South Africans essentially have been neglected or ignored in the mental health system, suggesting that the government should formulate and implement programs and policies to ensure the effective delivery of psychiatric services.
A framework for practice is warranted in which traditional health practices are parallel to mainstream westernized psychiatric care that emphasizes culturally relevant care and naturally occurring community supports rather than large psychiatric institutions. It is suggested here that "psychosocial competence" may provide a resonant and particularly useful framework for practice in this population.
The aim of this study was to investigate correlates of fibrinogen concentration in black South Africans , as well as its association with cardiovascular disease CVD risk and whether urbanisation influences this association.
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The rural group had a significantly higher fibrinogen concentration than the urban group, despite higher levels of risk factors and increased predicted CVD risk in the urban group. Increased levels of CVD risk factors were, however, still associated with increased fibrinogen concentration.
Fibrinogen correlated significantly, but weakly, with overall predicted CVD risk. This correlation was stronger in the urban than in the rural group. Multiple regression analysis showed that a smaller percentage of the variance in fibrinogen is explained by the traditional CVD risk factors in the rural than in the urban group. In conclusion, fibrinogen is weakly associated with CVD risk predicted overall risk as well with individual risk factors in black South Africans , and is related to the degree of urbanisation.
Increased fibrinogen concentration, in black South Africans , especially in rural areas, is largely unexplained, and likely not strongly correlated with traditional CVD-related lifestyle and pathophysiological processes. This does, however, not exclude the possibility that once increased, the fibrinogen concentration contributes to future development of CVD. The role of cognitive style in the stress and coping of black South African adolescents. Although stress is a common phenomenon in all phases of life, it can be said that adolescence is a particularly stressful life stage.
In South Africa, black adolescents are faced with many stressors and challenges which are placing demands on their emotional and cognitive resources. The aim of this study was to determine whether black South African adolescents with different cognitive styles i. Furthermore, the common stressors that black adolescents experience and the coping styles predominantly used by black adolescents could be determined.
One hundred and eighty-seven participants 88 males and 99 females completed the Rational Experiential, the Coping Reponses and the Adolescent Stress Inventory. Adolescents operating from an experiential cognitive style experienced more stress regarding school performance, school attendance, financial pressure and emerging adult responsibility than adolescents operating from a rational cognitive style.
Adolescents employing a rational style sought more alternative rewards as a coping strategy, whereas adolescents employing an experiential style relied more on emotional discharge. The findings of this study concur with previous research, but provide a unique perspective on adolescents' stress and coping in this South African context.
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Fanconi anemia FA is a rare disorder of DNA repair, associated with various somatic abnormalities but characterized by hematological disease that manifests as bone marrow aplasia and malignancy. The mainstay of treatment, in developed nations, is hematopoietic stem cell transplantation HSCT with subsequent surveillance for solid organ and non-hematological malignancies. Many affected patients are not diagnosed until late in the disease course when severe cytopenia and bone marrow aplasia are already present.
Most patients are not eligible for HSCT at this late stage of the disease, even when it is available in the state health care system. In this study, the hematological presentation and disease progression in 30 Black South African patients with FA, confirmed to have the FANCG founder mutation, were evaluated and compared to those described in other FA cohorts.
Our results showed that patients, homozygous for the FANCG founder mutation, present with severe cytopenia but progress to bone marrow failure at similar ages to other individuals affected with FA of heterogeneous genotype. Further, the incidence of myelodysplastic syndrome is similar to that which has been previously described in other FA cohorts. Although severe cytopenia at presentation may be predicted by a higher number of somatic anomalies, the recognition of the physical FA phenotype in Black South African patients is challenging and may not be useful in expediting referral of suspected FA patients for tertiary level investigations and care.
Given the late but severe hematological presentation of FA in Black South African patients, an investigative strategy is needed for earlier recognition of affected individuals to allow for possible HSCT and management of bone marrow disease. Research carried out among urban residents in a satellite city in South Africa shows that while nearly all the subjects were members of Christian churches and attended church services, traditional supernatural beliefs and ritual practices were common.
Body mass index cut-points to identify cardiometabolic risk in black South Africans.
Thus, we confirm a high dietary intake of LA as a product of organ meats, diary products and many vegetable oils and AA as a product of meats and egg yolks , as well as lower dietary intakes of ALA as a product of grains, green leafy vegetables, soy oil, rapeseed oil and linseed , and EPA and DHA as products of marine oils. This replaces the Worldwide When Verwoerd became Prime Minister in , the policy of "separate development" came into being, with the homeland structure as one of its cornerstones. One issue which always surfaced was her unusual view of religion. From exploring white women's confinement to domesticity in late 19th century South Africa and England, the novel expands its gaze to include black women and girls, whose presence gradually informs the central character's struggle to re-create herself and educate her children against the racism and sexism of the time. Such groups were split into 13 nations or racial federations. SEP is associated with T2DM risk factors in children but patterns of association differ by ethnic groups.
To determine optimal body mass index BMI cut-points for the identification of cardiometabolic risk in black South African adults. Demographic, lifestyle and anthropometric measures were taken, and blood pressure, fasting serum triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein HDL cholesterol and blood glucose were measured. We defined elevated cardiometabolic risk as having three or more risk factors according to international metabolic syndrome criteria.